Local language testing, though the most common form of language assessment practice, has not been formally recognize until very recently. In this chapter, we provide a working definition of local language tests and an overview of local assessment issues addressed in each chapter. We argue that local language tests present unique challenges that are shaped by test purpose, test policy, and other contextual factors; however, local contexts can also provide rewarding opportunities for testing research and practice when stakeholders work collaboratively to address the assessment issues. This collaborative practice is conducive to the development of language assessment literacy within the local community.